Q&A
What is an ABAP
data dictionary?
What are
domains and data element?
Domains:Domain is the central
object for describing the technical characteristics of an attribute of an
business objects. It describes the value range of the field.
Data Element: It is
used to describe the semantic definition of the table fields like description
the field. Data element describes how a field can be displayed to end-user.
What is foreign
key relationship?
A relationship which can be
defined between tables and must be explicitly defined at field level. Foreign
keys are used to ensure the consistency of data. Data entered should be checked
against existing data to ensure that there are now contradiction. While defining
foreign key relationship cardinality has to be specified. Cardinality mentions
how many dependent records or how referenced records are possible.
Describe data
classes.
Master data: It is the data which
is seldomly changed.
Transaction data: It is the data which is often changed.
Organization data: It is a customizing data which is entered in the system when
the system is configured and is then rarely changed.
System data:It is the data
which R/3 system needs for itself.
What are
indexes?
Indexes are described as a copy of
a database table reduced to specific fields. This data exists in sorted form.
This sorting form ease fast access to the field of the tables. In order that
other fields are also read, a pointer to the associated record of the actual
table are included in the index. the indexes are activated along with the table
and are created automatically with it in the database.
Difference
between transparent tables and pooled tables.
Transparent tables:
Transparent
tables in the dictionary has a one-to-one relation with the table in database.
Its structure corresponds to single database field. Table in the database has
the same name as in the dictionary. Transparent table holds application
data.
Pooled tables.
Pooled tables in the dictionary has a many-to-one relation
with the table in database. Table in the database has the different name as in
the dictionary.Pooled table are stored in table pool at the database level.
What is an
ABAP/4 Query?
ABAP/4 Query is a powerful tool to
generate simple reports without any coding.
ABAP/4 Query can generate the
following 3simple reports:
Basic List: It is the simple reports.
Statistics:
Reports with statistical functions like Average, Percentages.
Ranked Lists: For
analytical reports. - For creating a ABAP/4 Query, programmer has to create user
group and a functional group.
Functional group can be created using with or
without logical database table. Finally, assign user group to functional group.
Finally, create a query on the functional group generated.
What is BDC
programming?
Transferring of
large/external/legacy data into SAP system using Batch Input programming. Batch
input is a automatic procedure referred to as BDC (Batch Data
Communications). The central component of the transfer is a queue file which
receives the data vie a batch input programs and groups associated data
into “sessions”.
What are the
functional modules used in sequence in BDC?
These are the 3functional modules
which are used in a sequence to perform a data transfer successfully using
BDC programming:
BDC_OPEN_GROUP - Parameters like Name of the client,
sessions and user name are specified in this functionalmodules.
BDC_INSERT - It
is used to insert the data for one transaction into asession.
BDC_CLOSE_GROUP -
This is used to close the batch input session.
What are
internal tables?
Internal
tables are a standard data type object which exists only during the run time of
the program. They are used to perform table calculations on subsets of database
tables and for re-organising the contents of database tables according to
users need.
What is ITS?
What are the merits of ITS?
ITS is a Internet
Transaction Server. ITS forms an interface between HTTP server and R/3 system,
which converts screen provided data by the R/3 system into HTML documents and
vice-versa.
Merits of ITS: A complete web transaction can be developed and
tested in R/3 system. All transaction components, including those used by the
ITS outside the R/3 system at runtime, can be stored in the R/3 system. The
advantage of automatic language processing in the R/3 system can be
utilized to language-dependent HTML documents at runtime.
What is DynPro?
- DynPro is a Dynamic Programming
which is a combination of screen and the associated flow logic Screen is
also called as DynPro.
What are screen
painter and menu painter?
Screen painter: Screen painter is
a tool to design and maintain screen and its elements. It allows user to create
GUI screens for the transactions. Attributes, layout, filed attributes and flow
logic are the elements of Screen painter.
Menu painter: Menu painter is a tool
to design the interface components. Status, menu bars, menu lists, F-key
settings, functions and titles are the components of Menu painters. Screen
painter and menu painter both are the graphical interface of an ABAP/4
applications.
What are the
components of SAP scripts?
SAP scripts is a word
processing tool of SAP which has the following components: Standard text. It is
like a standard normal documents.
Layout sets. - Layout set consists of the
following components: Windows and pages, Paragraph formats, Character formats.
Creating forms in the R/3 system. Every layout set consists of Header,
paragraph, and character string. ABAP/4 program.
What is ALV
programming in ABAP? When is this grid used in ABAP?
-ALV is Application List viewer. Sap
provides a set of ALV (ABAP LISTVIEWER) function modules which can be put into
use to embellish the output of a report. This set of ALV functions is used
to enhance the readability and functionality of any report output. Cases arise
in sap when the output of a report contains columns extending more than 255
characters in length. In such cases, this set of ALV functions can help choose
selected columns and arrange the different columns from a report output and also
save different variants for report display.This is a very efficient tool for
dynamically sorting and arranging the columns from a report output. The report
output can contain up to 90 columns in the display with the wide array of
display options.
What are the
events in ABAP/4 language?
Initialization,
At
selection-screen,
Start-of-selection,
end-of-selection,
top-of-page,
end-of-page,
At line-selection,
At user-command,
At PF, Get,
At New,
At LAST,
AT END,
AT
FIRST.
What is CTS and
what do you know about it?
The Change and TransportSystem
(CTS) is a tool that helps you to organize development projects in theABAP
Workbench and in Customizing, and then transport the changes betweenthe SAP
Systems and clients in your system landscape. This documentation provides
you with an overview of how to manage changes with the CTS andessential
information on setting up your system and client landscape and decidingon a
transport strategy. Read and follow this documentation when planning
your development project.
What are
logical databases? What are the advantages/ dis-advantages of logical
databases?
To read
data from a database tables we use logical database.A logical database provides
read-only access to a group of related tables to anABAP/4 program.
Advantages:
i)check functions which check that user input iscomplete, correct,and
plausible.
ii)Meaningful data selection.
iii)centralauthorization checks for
database accesses.
iv)good read access performancewhile retaining the
hierarchical data view determined by the application logic.
i)If you do not specify a logical database in the program attributes,the GET events never occur. ii)There is no ENDGET command,so the code block associated with an event ends with the next event statement (such as another GET or an END-OF-SELECTION).
What is a batch
input session?
-BATCH INPUT SESSION is an
intermediate step between internal table and database table. Data along with the
action is stored in session ie data for screen fields, to which screen it is
passed, program name behind it, and how next screen is processed.
How to upload
data using CATT ?
These are the steps to be followed
to Upload data through CATT: Creation of the CATT test case & recording
the sample data input. Download of the source file template. Modification of
the source file. Upload of the data from the source file.
What is Smart
Forms?
Smart Forms allows you to create
forms using a graphical design tool with robust functionality, color, and more.
Additionally, all new forms developed at SAP will be created with the new Smart
Form solution
How can I make
a differentiation between dependent and independent data?
Client dependent or independent
transfer requirements include client specific or cross client objects in
the change requests. Workbench objects like SAP scripts are client specific, some
entries in customizing are client independent. If you display the object list
for one change request, and then for each object the object attributes, you will
find the flag client specific. If one object in the task list has this flag on,
then that transport will be client dependent.
What is the
difference between macro and subroutine?
-Macros can only be used in the
program the are defined in and only after the definition are expanded at
compilation / generation. Subroutines (FORM) can be called from both
the program the are defined in and other programs .
A MACRO is more or
less an abbreviation for some lines of code that are used more than once or
twice. A FORM is a local subroutine (which can be called external). A FUNCTION
is(more or less) a subroutine that is called external. Since debugging a MACRO
is not really possible, prevent the use of them (I’ve never used them, but seen
the min action). If the subroutine is used only local (called internal) use a
FORM. If the subroutine is called external (used by more than one program) use a
FUNCTION.
How
we format the data before before write statement in report ?
We can format the
reports output by using the loop events like:1.at first2.at new3.at last etc
check docu.
What
is the difference between Table and Template?
table is a dynamic and
template is a static
When
do we use End-of-selection?
End-of-selection event
are mostly used?
when we are writing HR-ABAP code. In theHR-ABAP code,
data is
retrived in the Start-of-selection event and Printing on the listand all will
be? done in End-of-selection event.
In
events start-of-selection is default event. When we have to use this
eventexplicitly? Why?
The
default event in the ABAP is Start-of-selection.We have to call explicitely
this event when you are writing other than the event? , that is when you write
AT? SELECTION-SCREEN EVENTS OR INITIALIZATION EVENT etc,you have to explicitely
mentionthe Start-of-selection event while you are writing the logic. Before these events
called ,all the code you have written come into this default Start-of-selection
screen event.
What
is the differences between ABAP and OOABAP. In which situation we useOOABAP?
OOABAP is used to
develop BSP/PCUI applications and also anthing involved object oriented like
BADIs, SmartForms..etc.where as ABAP is used to develop
traditional programs in R/3.
What
is table buffer? Which type of tables used this buffer?
buffer is
nothing but a memory area. table is buffered means that table information
is available on application server. when you call data from database table it
will come from application server .transperent and pooled tables are buffered.
cluster tables can not buffered.
What
is the use of pretty printer ?
Exactly where can we
link the functional module to abap coding.Pretty Printer is used to format the
ABAP Code we write in ABAP Editor ,like KEYWORDS in Capitals and remaining are
in small letters which is also depend on systemsettings.We can call the
function module in the ABAP Code .Press the Pattern button on Appl.tool bar
then u will get box where u write the function module NAME which u want tocall
in the code by selecting the radio button CALL FUNCTION. In this way we
link function module to ABAP Code.
What
is the difference between SAP memory and ABAP memory?
Answer1:data sending
between main sessions using get parameter and set parameter is sap memory data
sending between internal sessions using import or export parameters is abap
memoryAnswer2:sap memory is a global memory whereas abap memory is local
memory.For example, we have four programs in abap memory and assigned some
varibles to a particular program in abap memory then those varibles can't
be used by any other program in abap memory i.e., the variables are only for that
program and also local to that memory,whereas sap memory can access all the abap
memory or else it can perform any kind of modifications.Answer3:SAP memory is
available to the user during the entire terminal session.ABAP memory is
available to the user during? life time? of? external session.
What
is the difference between Type and Like?
Answer1:TYPE,
you assign datatype directly to the data object while declaring.LIKE,you assign
the datatype of another object to the declaring data object. The data type is
referenced indirectly.
Answer2:Type is a keyword used to refer to a data type
whereas Like is a keyword used to copy
the existing
properties of already existing data object.
Answer3:type refers the existing
data type like refers the existing data object
What
is Tcode SE16. For what is it used. Explain briefly?
Answer1:SE16 is a
T-code for object browser.Generally used to search the fields of SAP Tables .
and respective data.
Answer2:se16 is a data browse and it is used to view the
contents of the table and we cannot change or append new fields to the existing
structure of the table as we cannot view the structure level display using the
se16
What
are different ABAP/4 editors? What are the differences?
The 2 editors are se38
and se80 both have the abap editor in place. In se38 you can go create programs
and view online reports and basically do all the developmet of objects in this
editor. In se80 ( object navigator) there are additional features such as
creating packages,module pool , function group ,classes, programs ( where
you can create ur programs) and BSP applications .
What
is difference between dialog program and a report?
Report is a executable program Dialog is a module pool program.It has to be executed via a
transaction only.
Dialog programming is
used for customization of screens
How
do you connect to the remote server if you are working from the office for the
client in remote place.
WAS web application
server or ITS are generally used for this purpose. If you are sitting at your
office with a server which is in the system and the other server is at the
clients place you can generate IDOC, intermediate documents which carry
the data you want to transfer or the documents you want to transfer, these IDOC
are inter pretted by the system at the recieving end with the message class with
which it is bound with. If you want to logon a system which is very
distant..then remote login can be used this depends on the internet speed.
Explain
about roll area , Dispatcher, ABAP-Processor.
Answer1:Roll area is
nothing but memory allocated by work process. It holds the information needed by
R/3 about programs execution such as value of the variables.Dispatcher :All the
requests that come from presentation server will be directed first to dispatcher.
Further dispatcher sends this requests to work process on FIFO(First In
and First Out) basis.Answer2:Dispatcher recieves the request from client and
assigns the request to one of the work process.Roll area: Each
workprocess works in a particular memory that memory is known as RoleArea,
which consists of User context and session data.ABAP- Processor :is an
interpretor which can execute logic
Which
one is not an exit comand ? (Exit, cencle, stop, back)
STOP.
Effect :The statement
STOP is only to be used in executable programs EXIT.Effect :If the EXIT
statement is executed outside of a loop, it will immediately terminate the
current processing block.BACK.Effect : This statement positions the list cursor
on the first position of the first line in a logical unit.So "Cancle"
is not an exit command
What
is Field symbol ?
Answer1:You can use
field symbols to make the program more dynamic. In this example the name of a
table control is substituted by a field symbol. Thus you cal call the form with
any internal table, using the name of the table control as a parameter.
.Example form insert_row using
p_tc_name.
field-symbols
<tc> type cxtab_control.
"Table controlassign (p_tc_name) to
<tc>.
* insert 100 lines in
table control<tc>-lines = 100.
Answer2:fieldsymbol has
the same concept as pointer in c,fieldsymbol don't point to a data type like
char, num instead of that it points to thememory block.
the syntax for
fieldsymbol is
FIELD-SYMBOL
<N>.EG. FOR FIELD SYMBOL.
DATA: DAT LIKE
SY-DATUM,
TIM LIKE SY-UZEIT,CHAR(3)
TYPE C VALUE 'ADF'.
.FIELD-SYMBOL :
<FS>.
MOVE DAT TO
<FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
MOVE TIM TO
<FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
MOVE CHAR TO
<FS>.
WRITE:/ <FS>.
The output will be
Today's date current time
What
is lock object ?
Lock Objects used to
synchornize access of several users using same data.
Why
BAPI need then BDC ?
BAPI"S
provide the standard interface to other applications apart from SAP and within differnt vesions of
SAP too. Also it is OOD bases so dosen"t depends on screen flow.BDC gets
failed if we make changes for screen changes through IMG customization
What
are the advantages and disadvantages of using views in ABAP programming ?
advantages: view is
used to retrieve the data very fastly from the database tables*memory wastage
is reduced*faster than joins to retrieve the data from database
tables disadvantages:view is not a container,it will not hold the data*view
memory is not permanent memory
How
data is stored in cluster table?
A cluster table
conatins data from mulitple DDIC tables.It stores data as a name value pair (
varkey, vardata)
Have
you used performance tuning? What major steps will you use for these?
First of all tunning
can be done In three ways: disk i/o ,sql tunning , memory tunning,Before tunning
u have to get the status of your database using Oracle utility called statpack ,
tk prof, then you should go for tunning
How
to create client independent tables?
client independent
tables:the table in which the first field is not mandt is the client
independent tables*mandt is the field with mandt as the data
element*automatically client which we login is populated to mandt
What
type of user exits have you written?
there are four
types1.function exit2.menu ixit3.screen exit.4.field exit.these are the user
exits
What is a View
?
A view is a logical grouping of
one or more tables. A view on one or more tables i.e, the data from a view is
not actually physically stored instead being derived from one or more tables. A
view can be used to summarize data which is distributed among several tables How
are the types of Views?
Database View
(SE11)
Database views are implement an
inner join, that is, only records of the primary table(selected via the join
operation) for which the corresponding records of the secondary tables also
exist are fetched. Inconsistencies between primary and secondary table
could,therefore, lead to a reduced selection set. In database views, the join
conditions can beformulated using equality relationships between any base
fields. In the other types of view, they must be taken from existing
foreign keys. That is, tables can only be collected in a maintenance or help
view if they are linked to one another via foreign keys.
Help View (
SE54)
Help views
are used to output additional information when the online help system is called.
When the F4 button is pressed for a screen field, a check is first made on
whether a match code is defined for this field. If this is not the case,
the help view is displayed in which
the check table of the field is the primary table. Thus, for each table no more
than one help view can be created, that is, a table can only be primary table
in at most one help view.
Projection View
Projection views are used to
suppress or mask certain fields in a table (projection), thus minimizing the
number of interfaces. This means that only the data that is actually required
is exchanged when the database is accessed. A projection view can draw upon
only one table. Selection conditions cannot be specified for projection views.
Maintenance
View ( SE54 )
Maintenance views enable a
business-oriented approach to looking at data, while at the same time, making
it possible to maintain the data involved. Data from several tables can be
summarized in a maintenance view and maintained collectively via this view.
That is,the data is entered via the view and then distributed to the underlying
tables by the system.
What is Locking
?
When two users simultaneously
attempt to access the same data record, this is synchronized by a lock
mechanism .When dialog transactions are programmed, locks are set and released
by calling certain function modules. These function modules are generated automatically
from the definition of so-called lock objects in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. To
synchronize the access to a table by setting and removing locks, a Lock object
has to be defined in the ABAP/4Dictionary. Activating the lock object
automatically creates #function modules for setting and removing locks. These
function modules must be included when programming interactive
transactions.
Lock
Mechanism
To set locks, a lock
object must be defined in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. In this lock object, those
tables in which data records are to be locked by calling a lock are determined.
All tables included in a lock object must be connected to each other via
foreign keys. The key fields of the tables in a lock object form the Lock
arguments for the tables. The lock arguments are the basis for formulating
the logical condition for identifying the records to be locked. When
activating this lock object, two function modules with the names ENQUEUE_ and
DEQUEUE_ are generated.
Example
:
Problem:
You wish to prevent a
user from being able to change the name of a course or the name of the
professor with responsibility for the course at a time when another user
is editing the course description (which contains this information).
Solution:
The problem described
above can be solved by defining a lock object E_UKURS.
This is done by
defining primary and secondary tables in the lock object.
Table UKURS is check
table of table UKRSB,
so UKURS should be
selected as primary table and UKRSB as secondary table of the lock object.
The Lock argument in
this case is the field combination FABNR, KRSNR, and SPRAS (i.e Primary Key
Combination).
The Lock mode Shared
is to be selected here. This allows several users to access the data simultaneously
in display mode.
The lock mode in the generated
function modules for setting (ENQUEUE_E_UKURS) and releasing
(DEQUEUE_E_UKURS) locks is therefore set to shared as default, but can be
overridden by calling the function modules .If the function module
ENQUEUE_E_UKURS is called with FABNR = ‘1′ and KRSNR = ‘3′, the record for
course 3 in faculty 1 is locked in table UKURS. Furthermore, all the course
descriptions for this course are locked in table UKRSB since field SPRAS was no
What guarantees the
integration of all application modules?
The R/3 basis system guarantees the
integration of all application modules. The R/3 basis s/w provides the run
time environment for the R/3 applications ensures optimal integration, defines a
stable architectural frame for system enhancements, and contains the administration
tools for the entire system.One of the main tasks of the basis system is to
guarantee the portability of the complete system.
What are the
central interfaces of the R/3 system?
Presentation Interface.Database
Interface.Operating system Interface
Which interface
controls what is shown on the p.c.?
Presentation
Interface.
Database
Interface.
SAP dispatcher is the
control agent that manages the resources for the R/3applications.
What are the functions of dispatcher?
Equal distribution of
transaction load to the work processes.Management of buffer areas in main
memory.Integration of the presentation levels.Organization of communication
activities
What
is a work process?
A work process is
where individual dialog steps are actually processed and the work is done. Each
work process handles one type of request.
Name various work processes of R/3 system?
Dialog or Online
(processes only one request at a time). Back ground (Started at a specific
time)Update (primary or secondary) Enque (Lock mechanism). Spool (generated
online or during back ground processing for printing).
Message Service: Used
by the application servers to exchange short internal messages, all system
communications. Gateway Service: Enables communication between R/3 and external
applications using CPI-C protocol.
Update work
process.
Define service (within R/3)?
A service is a process
or group of processes that perform a specific system function and often provide
an application-programming interface for other processes to call.
Roll and page areas
are SAP R/3 buffers used to store user contexts (process requests).The SAP
dispatcher assigns process requests to work processes as they are queued in the
roll and page areas. Paging area holds data from the application programs. Roll
area holds data from previous dialog steps and data that characterize the
user.
What are the different layers in R/3 system?
Presentation Layer.
Application Layer.
Database Layer.
What are the phases of background processing?
Job Scheduling.
Job
Processing.
Job Overview.
What components of the R/e system initiate the start of background jobs at
the specified time?
The batch scheduler
initiates the start of background job. The dispatcher then sends this request to
an available background work process for processing.
Define Instance.
An instance is an
administrative unit in which components of an R/3 systems providing one or more
services are grouped together. The services offered by an instance are started
and stopped at random. All components are parameterized using a joint
instance profile. A central R/3 system consists of a single instance in
which all-necessary SAP services are offered. Each instance uses separate buffer
areas.
From hardware perspective, every information system can be divided into
threetask areas
Presentation, Application Logic and Data Storage.
The R/3 Basis software
is highly suitable for use in multi-level client/server architectures.
What are R/3 Basis configurations?
A central system with
centrally installed presentation software.
Two-level client/server system with
rolled out presentation software.
Two-level client/server system. Presentation
and Application run on the same computer.
Three-level client/server system.
Presentation, Application and database each run on separate computers.
A service refers to
something offered by a s/w component
What is Server in SAP terminology?
A component can
consist of one process or a group and is then called the server for
there spective service.
What is a client
in SAP terminology?
A S/W component that
uses the service (offered by a s/w component) is called a Client. At the same
time these clients may also be servers for other services.
The union of all s/w
components that are assigned to the same databases is called as a SAP system.
The means of
communication between R/2,R/3 and external applications is via the CPI-Chandler
or SAP Gateway, using the CPI-C Protocol.
What is the protocol used by SAP Gateway process?
The SAP Gateway
process communicates with the clients based on the TCP/IP Protocol.
Common Program
Interface Communication.
What is a Spool
request?
Spool requests are
generated during dialog or background processing and placed in the spool
database with information about the printer and print format. The actual data
is places in the Tem Se (Temporary Sequential objects).
What are different
types of Log records?
V1 and V2. V1 must be
processed before V2. But, we can have more than one V2 logs.
What are the types
of Update requests?
An update request can
be divided into one primary (V1) and several Secondary update components (V2).
Time-critical operations are placed in V1 component and those who setting is
less critical are placed in V2 components. If a V1 update fails, V2
components will not be processed.
In SAP terminology, a
transaction is series of logically connected dialog steps.
The SAP front-end s/w
can either run on the same computer or on different computers provided for
that purpose. User terminal input is accepted by the SAP terminal program SAP
GUI, converted to SAP proprietary format and sent to the SAP dispatcher. The
dispatcher coordinates the information exchange between the SAP GUIs and the
work processes. The dispatcher first places the processing request
in request queues, which it then processes. The dispatcher dispatches the
requests one after another, to the available work process. The actual
processing takes place in the work process. When processing is complete, the
result of a work process is returned via the dispatcher to the SAP GUI. The SAP
GUI interprets the received data and generates the output screen for the user.
What is full form of BDC Session ?
Batch Data
Communication Session.
The first step in a BDC session is to identify
the screens of the transaction that the program will process. Next step is
to write a program to build the BDC table that will be used to submit the data
to SAP. The final step is to submit the BDC table to the system in the batch
mode or as a single transaction by the CALL TRANSACTION command.
The information on the
current screen can be found by SYSTEM Ã STATUS command from any menu.
How do you save
data in BDC tables?
The data in BDC tables
is saved by using the field name ‘BDC_OKCODE’ and field value of ‘/11’.
In all BDC tables the
last entry is to save the data by using the field name BDC_OKCODE and a field
value of ‘/11’.
What is a multiple
line field?
A multiple line field
is a special kind of field which allows the user to enter multiple lines of data
into it.
How do you populate
data into a multiple line field?
To populate data into
a multiple line field, an index is added to the field name to indicate which
line is to be populated by the BDC session (Line index).
Write the BDC table
structure
.BDC table structure
FIELD TYPE DESCRIPTION
Program CHAR (8)
Program name of
transaction.
DynPro CHAR (4) Screen
number of transaction.
DynBegin CHAR (1)
Indicator for new screen.
Fnam CHAR (35) Name of
database field from screen.
Fval CHAR (80) Value
to submit to field.
No. The CALL
TRANSACTION method allows only a single transaction to be processed by
SAP.
Does the
BDC-INSERT function allow multiple transactions to be processed by SAP? Yes.
What is the syntax
for ‘CALL TRANSACTION’?
CALL TRANSACTION trans
[using bdcta b MODE mode].Three possible entries are there for MODE.
A - Show all screens .
E - Show only screens
with errors.
N - Show no screens.
What are the layers of
data description in R/3?
1.The external layer.
2.The ABAP/4 layer.
3.The database layer
Define external
layer?
The external layer is
the plane at which the user sees and interacts with the data, that is ,the data
format in the user interface. This data format is independent of the database system
used.
Define ABAP/4 layer?
The ABAP/4 layer
describes the data formats used by the ABAP/4 processor.
Define Database layer?
The database layer
describes the data formats used in the database.
What is a Data
Class?
The Data class determines
in which table space the table is stored when it is created in the database.
What is a Size
Category?
The Size category
describes the probable space requirement of the table in the database.
How many types of size
categories and data classes are there?
There are five size
categories (0-4) and 11 data classes only three of which are appropriate for
application tables:
APPL0- Master data
(data frequently accessed but rarely updated).
APPL1- Transaction
data (data that is changed frequently).
APPL2- Organizational
data (customizing data that is entered when system is configured and then
rarely changed).The other two types are:
USR
USR1 – Intended for
customer’s own developments.
What are control
tables?
The values specified
for the size category and data class are mapped to database-specific values via
control tables.
What is the function of the transport system
and workbench organizer?
The function
of the transport system and the Workbench Organizer is to manage any changes
made to objects of the ABAP/4 Development Workbench and to transport
these changes between different SAP systems.
What is a
table pool?
A table pool
(or pool) is used to combine several logical tables in the ABAP/4Dictionary.
The definition of a pool consists of at least two key fields and a
longargument
field (VARDATA).
What are
pooled tables?
These are
logical tables, which must be assigned to a table pool when they are
defined.Pooled tables can be used to store control data (such as screen
sequences or program parameters).
What is a
table cluster?
A table
cluster combines several logical tables in the ABAP/4 Dictionary. Several logical rows from different cluster tables are
brought together in a single physical record. The records from the cluster tables assigned
to a cluster are thus stored in a single common table in the database.
How can we access the correction and transport
system?
Each time
you create a new object or change an existing object in the ABAP/4Dictionary,
you branch automatically to the Workbench Organizer or correction and transport
system.
Which
objects are independent transport objects?
Domains,
Data elements, Tables, Technical settings for tables, Secondary indexes
for transparent tables, Structures, Views, Match code objects, Match code
Ids, Lock objects.
How is
conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & DB layer?
Conversion
between ABAP/4 data types and the database layer is done within the database
interface.
How is
conversion of data types done between ABAP/4 & external level?
Conversion
between the external layer and the ABAP/4 layer is done in the SAP
dialogmanager DYNP.
What are the
Data types of the external layer?
ACCP, Char,
CLNT, CUKY, CURR, DATS, DESC, FLTP, INT1, INT2, INT4, LANG,LCHR, LRAW, NUMC,
PREC, QUAN, RAW, TIMS, UNIT,VARC.
What are the
Data types of the ABAP/4 layer?
Possible
ABAP/4 data types :
C: Character
.D: Date,
format YYYYMMDD.
F:
Floating-point number in DOUBLE PRECISION (8 bytes)
I: Integer.
N: Numerical character
string of arbitrary length.
P: Amount of counter
field (packed; implementation depends on h/w platform).
S: Time Stamp
YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
V: Character string of
variable length, length is given in the first two bytes
.X: Hexadecimal
(binary) storage.
How can we set the
table spaces and extent sizes?
You can specify the
extent sizes and the table space (physical storage area in the database) in
which a transparent table is to be stored by setting the size category and data
class.
What is the function
of the correction system?
The correction system
manages changes to internal system components. Such as objectsof the ABAP/4
Dictionary.
What are local
objects?
Local objects (Dev
class$TMP) are independent of correction and transport system.
What is a Development
class?
Related objects from
the ABAP/4 repository are assigned to the same development class .This enables
you to correct and transport related objects as a unit.
What is a data
dictionary?
Data Dictionary is a
central source of data in a data management system. Its main function is to
support the creation and management of data definitions. It has details about
what data is
contained?
What are the
attributes of the data?
What is the
relationship existing between the various data elements?
What functions does a
data dictionary perform?
In a data management
system, the principal functions performed by the data dictionary are
1.Management of data
definitions.
2.Provision of
information for evaluation.
3.Support for s/w
development.
4.Support form
documentation
Ensuring that the data
definitions are flexible and up-to-date.
What are the features
of ABAP/4 Dictionary?
The most important
features are:
Integrated to a ABAP/4
Development Workbench.
Active in the runtime
environment.
What are the uses of
the information in the Data dictionary?
The following
information is directly taken from the Data dictionary:
Information on fields
displayed with F1 help.
Possible entries for
fields displayed with F4 help.
Matchcode and help
views search utilities.
What are the basic
objects of the data dictionary?
1.Tables
2.Domains
3.Data elements
4.Structures
5.Foreign Keys
What are the aggregate
objects in the data dictionary?
1.Views
2.Match codes
3.Lock objects. In the
ABAP/4 Dictionary Tables can be defined independent of the underlying
database(T/F). True. ABAP/4 Dictionary contains the Logical definition of the
table. A field containing currency amounts (data type CURR) must be assigned to
a reference table and a reference field.
Explain. As a
reference table, a system containing all the valid currencies is assigned or
any other table, which contains a field with the currency key format. This
field is called as reference field. The assignment of the field containing
currency amounts to the reference field is made at runtime. The value in the
reference field determines the currency of the amount .A field containing
quantity amounts (data type QUAN) must be assigned to a reference table and a
reference field. Explain
As a reference table,
a system table containing all the valid quantity units is assigned or any
other table, which contains a field with the format or quantity units (data
type UNIT). This field is called as reference field. The assignment of the
field containing quantity amounts to the reference field is made at runtime.
The value in the reference field determines the quantity unit of the amount.
What is the
significance of Technical settings (specified while creating a table in the
data dictionary)?
By specifying
technical settings we can control how database tables are created in the
database. The technical settings allows us to
Optimize storage space
requirements.
Table access behavior.
Buffering required.
Changes to entries
logged. What is a Table attribute?
The table’s attributes
determine who is responsible for maintaining a table and which types of access
are allowed for the table. The most important table attributes are:
Delivery class.
Table maintenance
allowed.
Activation type .What
is the significance of Delivery Class?
The delivery class
controls the degree to which the SAP or the customer is responsible for table
maintenance.
Whether SAP provides
the table with or without contents.
Determines the table
type.
Determines how the
table behaves when it is first installed, at upgrade, when itis transported,
and when a client copy is performed. What is the max. no. Of structures that
can be included in a table or structure. Nine.
What are two methods
of modifying SAP standard tables?
Append Structures and
Customizing Includes.
What is the difference
between a Substructure and an Append Structure?
In case of a
substructure, the reference originates in the table itself, in the form of a
statement include….
In case of an append
structure, the table itself remains unchanged and the reference originates in
the append structure.
To how many tables can
an append structure be assigned. One .If a table that is to be extended
contains a long field,
we cannot use append structures why?
Long fields in a table
must always be located in the end, as the last field of the table. If at able
has an append structure the append line must also be on the last field of the
table .
Can we include
customizing include or an append structure with Pooled or Cluster tables?
No.
What are the two ways
for restricting the value range for a domain?
By specifying fixed
values.
By stipulating a value
table.
Structures can contain
data only during the runtime of a program (T/F)True.
What are the aggregate
objects in the Dictionary?
Views
Match Code.
Lock Object.
What are base tables
of an aggregate object?
The tables making up
an aggregate object (primary and secondary) are called aggregate object. The
data of a view is not physically stored, but derived from one or more tables
(t/f)True. What are the 2 other types of Views,
which are not allowed
in Release 3.0?
Structure Views.
Entity Views.
What is a Match Code?
Match code is a tool
to help us to search for data records in the system. Match Codes are an
efficient and user-friendly search aid where key of a record is unknown.
What are the two
levels in defining a Match Code?
Match Code Object.
Match Code Id.
What is the max no of
match code Id’s that can be defined for one Match code object?
A match code Id is a
one character ID that can be a letter or a number.
Can we define our own
Match Code ID’s for SAP Match codes?
Yes, the number 0 to 9
are reserved for us to create our own Match Code Ids for a SAP defined Match
code object.
What is an Update type
with reference to a Match code ID?
If the data in one of
the base tables of a match code ID changes, the match code data has to be
updated. The update type stipulates when the match code is to be updated and
how it is to be done. The update type also specifies which method is to be used
for Building match codes. You must specify the update type when you define a
match code ID.
Can match code object
contain Ids with different update types?
Yes.
What are the update
types possible?
The following update
types are possible:
Update type A: The
match code data is updated asynchronously to database changes.
Update type S: The
match code data is updated synchronously to database changes.
Update type P: The
match code data is updated by the application program.
Update type I: Access
to the match code data is managed using a database view.
Update type L: Access
to the match code is achieved by calling a function module.
What are the two
different ways of building a match code object?
A match code can be
built in two different ways:
Logical structure: The
match code data is set up temporarily at
the moment
when the match code is
accessed. (Update type I, k).
Physical Structure:
The match code data is physically stored in a separate tablein the database.
(Update type A, S, P).
What are the
differences between a Database index and a match code?
Match code can contain
fields from several tables whereas an index can contain fields from only one
table.
Match code objects can
be built on transparent tables and pooled and cluster tables.
What is the function
of a Domain?
A domain describes the
technical settings of a table field
.
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